(2003) and Che Man et al. Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women Affiliations 1 Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK. Coconut oil contains no chole… The high content of SFA raised concerns that it could lead to more artherogenic lipid profiles, and thus, health professionals in the 1980s recommended that coconut oil should not be used. You can shrug off the worry since experts have already claimed that these saturated fats aren’t as harmful as you think. Some formerly high-oil-producing countries have significantly reduced their production of oil because of the higher price that can be obtained for fresh nuts. Coconut oil is considered a lauric oil whose fatty acid composition is high in lauric acid (45–50%). A 1981 study of populations on several Polynesian atolls, where coconut oil was the chief source of calories, reported both groups exhibited positive vascular health. Both have high levels of medium-chain saturated acids, especially lauric acid (12:0), hence the term lauric oils. Fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of coconut and palmkernel oils. Coconut oil contains phytosterols, whereas there a… Compared to long chain fatty acids (LCFA) common to virtually all vegetable oils, coconut oil contains about two-thirds medium chain fatty acids (MCFA), are smaller, and permeate cell membranes easily. The adhesive composition includes a 2-ethylhexyl ester compound of a fatty acid originated from linseed oil, sunflower oil, soy bean oil, corn oil, peanut oil, cotton seed oil, sesame oil, rape seed oil, olive oil, palm oil, coconut oil, castor oil or the like, as a diluent for a urethane resin adhesive containing a urethane prepolymer, a filler or the like. Visit ChemicalBook To find more Coconut oil(8001-31-8) information like chemical properties,Structure,melting point,boiling point,density,molecular formula,molecular weight, physical properties,toxicity information,customs codes. A tablespoon of coconut oil contains 13.5 grams of total fat. Marie Wong, ... Leandro Ravetti, in Green Vegetable Oil Processing, 2014. The oil can be split into fatty acids and then reesterified and fractionated to produce medium chain compositions, useful in medical and infant formula applications. As a consequence, palmkernel oil has the higher iodine value (Codex range of 14–21 for palmkernel oil and 6–10 for coconut oil) and accordingly will show the greater change on hydrogenation. In its natural, unprocessed state, palm oil is dark red in color due to a high content of carotenoids, including β-carotene (a vitamin A precursor that gives carrots their color) and lycopene. The consumption of saturated oil could hasten the onset of cardiac problems, as suggested by certain research studies. Some coconut oil products are referred to as "virgin" coconut oil. 4 Quality requirements and essential composition 4.1 General requirements 4.1.1 Virgin coconut oil shall be free from foreign and/or rancid odour and/or taste. 2). of.Coconut oil is 99% fat, composed mainly of saturated fats (82% of total; table). The use of these coconut products also adds some texture to some formulations and recipes due to the fat in the coconuts, and to the dried, shredded consistency of the coconut meat. While a young coconut at eight to nine months old has only about 18-26% oil content, a mature coconut at 10-13 months has up to 43% oil content. Coconut oil is a source of many oleo chemicals such as fatty acids, methyl esters, and fatty alcohol. Coconut oil comes from the nut (fruit) of the coconut palm. Half of the saturated fat content of coconut oil is lauric acid (41.8 grams per 100 grams of total composition), while other significant saturated fats are myristic acid (16.7 grams), palmitic acid (8.6 grams), and caprylic acid (6.8 grams). A third centrifuge separates the fat from the coconut milk to obtain coconut oil and skimmed coconut milk. The volatile flavor constituent of crude coconut oil includes ketones, lactones and δ-lactones of which δL8 to δC10 with undecan-2-1 as the major component at 290 p.p.m. Our preliminary work has evaluated the potential megasonic interventions in the coconut oil process (Fig. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123849472007091, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781893997981000099, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128146255000157, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B012227055X002637, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781855739710500021, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845697358500024, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081002940000043, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780988856530500054, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128135273000065, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781782422471000028, Yashi Srivastava, ... Gopal K. Sharma, in, Therapeutic, Probiotic, and Unconventional Foods, Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (Second Edition), J. Siriphanich, ... S. Tongchitpakdee, in, Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits: Cocona to Mango, Asian and Pacific Coconut Community, 2003, Application of Megasonic Waves for Enhanced Aqueous Separation of Oils, Modern Aqueous Oil Extraction—Centrifugation Systems for Olive and Avocado Oils, Jacqueline B. Marcus MS, RDN, LDN, CNS, FADA, FAND, in, Oilseed Composition and Modification for Health and Nutrition. Monolaurin is a monogylceride capable of destroying lipid-coated viruses such as HIV/herpes, measles, pathogenic bacteria, and giardia lamblia protozoa. Coconut oil is extracted from the kernel of matured coconuts harvested from the coconut palm and is high in saturated fats. This accounts for 2.5% of world vegetable oil production. Others are actually importing fresh nuts to satisfy their demand while it has become unprofitable for other countries to produce coconut oil. Sterols are around 1000 ppm in both oils. Lauric acid is known to possess antiviral, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal qualities. Coconut powder (dried coconut milk) and coconut extract may also help to boost the coconut flavor in some recipes. VCO has many health benefits, such as preventing the oxidation of low density lipoprotein lipid increasing the antioxidant enzymes. … Background: Coconut oil is high in saturated fat and may, therefore, raise serum cholesterol concentrations, but beneficial effects on other cardiovascular risk factors have also been suggested. Chemical Properties. (1996) extracted coconut oil from the coconut milk by breaking the emulsion. After VCO extraction, the resulting residual material obtained, termed as virgin coconut meal (VCM), has been used to make different traditional Indian sweets (ladoo & burfi) as well as baked goods (biscuit & cake). It is this lauric acid which gives coconut oil its white cream color in its stable (solid) state. The table showing the types of fatty acid in it is displayed below. The sample treated with megasonics had a dense cream layer that was clearly separated from the sediment when compared to the control (without megasonics), where separation was less evident. The caustic soda solution used was 27% w/w in water. Coconut water is the “juice” that flows from a newly cracked coconut. It also contains sufficient amounts of vitamin K, and E. Vitamin K helps in wound healing while vitamin E works as an antioxidant that protects your skin cells from damage. Coconut oil is a vegetable oil rich in nutritious lipids, used in cosmetics for its moisturising and nourishing properties. So for taste, texture and interest, a small amount of coconut and/or its products may be helpful additions. Figure 4.10. Interestingly, in mice with stress-induced injury, coconut oil was recently shown to improve lipid profile and restore oxidative stress. The oil is S.C. Savva, A. Kafatos, in Encyclopedia of Food and Health, 2016. P. Juliano, K. Knoerzer, in Innovative Food Processing Technologies, 2016. Copra, either shipped to overseas countries or processed locally, is the almost-exclusive raw material for producing coconut oil. Effect of megasonic treatments (10 min) on oil yield: (A) shredded coconut meat:water mixture (1:3 ratio) using 600 or 2 MHz transducers (230 W, 60°C–different letters indicate significant difference (P < 0.05) between average values); and (B) extracted coconut milk treated at 2 MHz (230 W, 45°C–asterisks indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05) by paired comparisons) (Juliano and Augustin, 2015). Coconut oil is sold as grades 76 or 92, which refer to the melting point in degrees F. The latter is obtained by hydrogenation. 4.9A demonstrates that after a 10-min sonication of a coconut meat/water mixture, 2 MHz standing waves enhanced coconut oil yield better (P < 0.05) than those at 600 kHz and the nonultrasound control (Juliano and Augustin, 2015). What are the components of coconut oil that make it so amazing? Since the short- and medium-chain fatty acids can be rapidly oxidized, they are less conducive to fat deposits compared with long-chain fatty acids. Table 4. Coconut oil may not be too rich in micronutrients. The two oils have been reviewed by Pantzaris and Yusof Basiron (2002). A combination of both—the expeller with a solvent—is also carried out in some plants, as it is difficult to quantitatively extract the oil from copra in a single process. A simplified example of an aqueous-based extraction process is shown in Fig. The clear oil may be further processed to remove undesirable colors, flavors and aromas (Foale, 2003). If sparingly applied to cooked grains or even popped corn, a little coconut oil should add a creamy, nutty sweetness without the need for excess fat or salt. The oil remains solid at 20 °C, yet melts very sharply and is completely liquid at 30 °C. B. As such, coconut oil is popular for use in personal care products. The flavor and aroma of coconut oil are attributed to δ-octalactone. The wet process of coconut oil extraction has been gaining in popularity, and studies have been carried out to compare oils extracted by dry and wet processes (Rajamohan and Nevin, 2009). Fig. Figure 4.8. Because of the unique qualities of lauric acid (C:12) present, coconut oil is widely used in soaps and cosmetic manufacturing industries. High-frequency standing waves can be applied either to the coconut meat during digestion or to coconut milk. Ketones are derived from the microbiological dissociation of fatty acids. Gary R. List, in Functional Dietary Lipids, 2016. The next steps will include the testing of this system in combination with small-scale centrifugal separators to understand its direct scalability. The cereal industry employs coconut oil for ready-to-eat cooked/flavored breakfast foods. Historically, coconut oil has been used in the vegetable oil imitation dairy food sector for many years. Another frequently used method of extraction to obtain high oil yield is double pressing with either a hydraulic press or expellers (Gopala et al., 2010). Refined coconut oil that has been processed to increase the smoke point may not be as intense in flavor, and it may be useful in deep fat frying and in stir-frying. When we talk about them, people remember summer. After heating, the oil is extracted using either an expeller or a hydraulic press. Studies made on humans living on Pacific Islands, where coconut oil furnishes 30–60% of calories, have shown nearly nonexistent rates of cardiovascular disease, and the inhabitants were healthy and trim. I guess we all know how we can use coconut oil to maximize its benefits. There is no prior drying (e.g., use of copra), refining or chemical reactions before the oil is extracted from coconut meal by mechanical means (expelling, pressing, heating, washing, settling, filtration, and centrifugation). Consumption of coconut oil is now estimated at 3.5 MT/annum. But, little do we know about its composition. Start with a little cinnamon and … Coconut “milk” is produced when the “meat” of a coconut is cooked, and then the meat is strained. Fig. They are used extensively both as food and as non-food oils and serve as the major source of C8 (caprylic or octanoic) acid and C10 (capric or decanoic) acid. (1986) and Tano-Debrah & Ohta (1997) have investigated aqueous extraction of coconut oil with added exogenous enzymes (proteases, amylases, polygalacturonases, cellulases, pectinases or combinations of enzymes) achieving oil yields ranging from 12–80% from fresh or dried coconut meat. The major triacylglycerols obtained for the oils were LaLaLa, LaLaM, CLaLa, LaMM … Additionally, total polyphenol, antioxidant activity, tocopherol, phytosterol, monoglycerides, and diglyceride content in VCO samples are different from CCO samples. Details of fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition are presented in Table 2.6. Coconut oil contains a high concentration of lauric acid (about 50%), a fatty acid with a strong affinity for proteins found in the hair. It is the oil with a higher content of caprylic fatty acid, up to 10%. The University of Kerala conducted a study in 64 volunteers and found no statistically significant alterations in the serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL-C/total cholesterol ratio, LDL-C/total cholesterol ratio, and triglycerides from the baseline values. In pigs, replacement of standard diet with coconut oil modulates the adipose tissue gene expression and fatty acid composition, with minimal effect on serum lipid profile. Moreover, coconut oil is a rich source of medium chain triglycerides with carbon numbers falling mostly in the C32 to C44 range. Dr. Greenland echoed that assessment, stating that “the marketing of coconut oil is confusing. The health benefits attributed to coconut oil are controversial. Recent studies have shown that the presence of natural coconut fat in the diet leads to a normalization of body lipids, protects alcohol damage to the liver, and improves the immune system's antiinflammatory response. US consumption has held steady at about 1 billion pounds over the past decade. A study on the commercial virgin coconut oil (VCO) available in the Malaysian and Indonesian market was conducted. The coconut endosperm is removed and dried to produce the dried coconut meat, also known as copra, and subsequently, solvents are applied to maximize oil extractability. The oil contains close to 12 g of saturated fat per tablespoon. This type of coconut oil is most suitable as a massage oil for babies. Fat Composition Analysis Available data suggests that 100 g of coconut oil contains: 6.39% of monounsaturated fat, 1.72% of polyunsaturated fat, and 83.26% of saturated fat out of a total lipid of 99.06 g. The amount of trans fat is 4.10, which shows the visual appearance of the coconut meat/water mixture with or without the application of megasonics. Of the saturated fatty acids, coconut oil is primarily 44.6% lauric acid, 16.8% myristic acid and 8.2% palmitic acid, although it contains seven different saturated fatty acids in total. Description Coconut oil is obtained from coconut dry pulp (also known as copra). Coconut oil is sold as virgin, organic expeller pressed, and expeller pressed oils. Coconut oil, on the other hand, is better as cooking oil, for fighting infections, and as a conditioning ingredient. Hydrogenated coconut oil is widely used as a spray oil for crackers and serves as a moisture barrier and preserves shelf life. You can shrug off the worry since experts have already claimed that these saturated fats aren’t as harmful as you think. Based on data collected by the United States Department of Agriculture, 1 tbsp. Coconut oil (Figure 8) constitutes the major commercial product of coconut. This quality makes it suitable for storage without deterioration. Coconut oil is extracted from a coconut kernel. Desirable properties such as a low melting point, resistance to rancidity, pleasant flavor, and easy digestibility make it an ideal ingredient in the food industry. Virgin coconut oil has retained all the nutrients in coconut oil which includes a high content of vitamin E and minerals. For cooking and toiletry purposes, it is commonly used in the form of filtered coconut oil. If it's too sweet, add a little more salt. It is converted to the monoglyceride monolaurin in the human or animal body. In this article we’ll cover the following: What is a Sore Throat? J.J. Lal, ... M. Indira, in Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (Second Edition), 2003. A shorter chain length allows fatty acids to be metabolized without the use of a carnitine transport system. It is mostly composed of lauric acid (C12), a saturated fat that can provide energy as well as contribute to weight gain. But under normal conditions, the possibility of essential fatty acid deficiency as such is quite remote, since their presence in other food items will offset any deficiency in coconut oil. The oil is also rich in antioxidants, such as vitamin E isomers (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and phytosterols. Coconut oil is mainly made up of 85% saturated fat. The particular mineral found in coconut oil is iron. Coconut oil composes of more than 85% of saturated fats. The chemical composition of coconut oil makes it possible to use in a wide range of edible and non-edible purposes. After malaxing, the oil fraction was recovered from the malaxing paste with centrifugation. Coconut oil is very different from most other cooking oils and contains a unique composition of fatty acids. Copra, which is obtained by drying coconuts, is the source of coconut oil. Consider using coconut oil to impart blander-tasting vegetables with more tropical notes, such as green beans or other legumes, or zucchini and other squashes. Power-driven rotaries and expellers are used for extracting oil from copra. VCO was found to be good frying oil in terms of stability and acceptability after 8 h of frying of soaked Bengal gram dhal. The oil of the nut is used to make medicine. Other potential outcomes have also been described with use of coconut oil. Table 2.6. Oil processing involves three stages: pretreatment, extraction and postextraction treatments. Coconut oil is needed for the good absorption of fat and calcium from infant formulas. Olive oil works if you don't have coconut oil. Feeding coconut oil at normal levels along with other fats adequately supplemented with linoleic acid renders coconut oil neutral in terms of atherogenecity. Virgin coconut oil is obtained from the fresh mature kernel by mechanical or natural means with or without the application of heat, which do not lead to alteration of the oil (Asian and Pacific Coconut Community, 2003). The digestibility coefficient of coconut oil is higher (with 91.0% assimilable glycerides) than any other fat, including butter, and so it is digested more rapidly than any other fats. “Red palm oil in its crude … They are easily digested and sent directly to the liver, where they are converted to energy rather than stored as fat. Essential fatty acid deficiency is known to facilitate the development of atherosclerosis. Positive health benefits are reported to include heart health, promotion of weight loss, support of immune system health, a quick source of energy, healthy skin, and thyroid function. Using the protease enzyme the oil yields were approximately 75% of total oil available in the fresh coconut flesh. Feeding coconut oil results in an increase in HDL cholesterol. 4.8. It’s important in the transportation of oxygen in the body. This shows that the amount of oil contained in the raw material is It can either be refined or unrefined. The saponification number and the acid value were adjusted by mixing fats with oils. This easy digestibility makes it an essential ingredient for many ghee substitutes. Coconut oil is considered to be extremely resistant to oxidative deterioration, with AOM and OSI values of 150 and 50 h, respectively. Fatty acid profile of coconut oil. Coconut oil is mostly produced by a solvent extraction process. It is also used in the manufacture of methyl esters, fatty acids and fatty alcohols, which are raw materials for detergents, surfactants, emulsifiers and pesticides. Fresh coconut meat was ground to particle sizes ranging from 1–4 mm. Laura J. Pham, in Industrial Oil Crops, 2016. In a 100 gram reference amount, coconut oil supplies 890 Calories. But, it still contains a trace amount of them. Recently, it has been shown that replacing high-PUFA vegetable oils by 75% with coconut oil in the diet of broilers is associated with a reduced fat deposition and increases lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and total lipase activities, thus affecting favorably lipid profile. This oil extraction is immediately followed by the separation of cake residue and mucilage by filtering or by settling. So, a tablespoon of coconut oil contains about 120 calories. Coconut oil produced by crushing copra is edible and has been consumed in tropical countries for thousands of years. In breast cancer patients, virgin coconut oil consumption during chemotherapy helped improve the quality of life and reduced symptoms related to side effects of chemotherapy. These fats will absorb vitamins, promote the production of hormones, protect your organs, and help keep your body temperature normal. 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